Assessing the impact of sand and gravel mining on the environment and the livelihood of the people of Endola village

Abstract

This study investigated the environmental and socio-economic impacts of sand and gravel mining in Endola Village, Namibia. The objectives were to assess the environmental and socio-economic effects of mining on local residents, analyze its impact on livelihoods, understand community perceptions, and identify sustainable practices and policy interventions to promote responsible resource management. A mixed-methods approach was employed, and data were collected from 164 residents (from a population of 4,098) using surveys, interviews, focus groups, and satellite imagery. Findings revealed widespread environmental degradation: 85% of participants reported noticeable changes in their environment, with 77% citing increased dust, 74% noise pollution, 20% water pollution, and 14% biodiversity loss. Health concerns such as respiratory issues and malaria were also raised. While 9% of respondents were employed in mining-related jobs, the majority experienced reduced farming productivity, lower household income, and rising living costs. 40% of participants were unemployed, and 60% were female, highlighting gendered vulnerability. Statistical analysis supported these perceptions, Pearson’s correlation showed a strong link between environmental awareness and perceived impacts (r = 0.78), while multiple linear regression revealed that environmental awareness (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and trust in policy (β = 0.37, p < 0.05) significantly shaped public opinion. A comparative analysis with a 100-metre control site confirmed that non-mined areas maintained better vegetation, water quality, and socio economic stability. Satellite imagery from 2016 to 2025 showed up to 70% vegetation loss in mined areas. The study concludes that sustainable mining in Endola requires stronger policy enforcement, inclusive community engagement, and promotion of alternative livelihoods such as climate-smart agriculture and small-scale enterprises. It recommends that government and stakeholders prioritize regulation enforcement and economic diversification to reduce dependency on unsustainable mining practices.