Nurses lived experiences regarding voluntary reporting of nursing errors in public hospital Windhoek, Namibia

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore and describe nurses’ experiences regarding voluntary error reporting in public hospitals in Windhoek, Khomas Region, Namibia. Methodology: This qualitative study adopted an exploratory, descriptive, and contextual research design. It was guided by the Just Culture Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), which offered insight into the social, psychological, and organisational factors that influence error reporting behaviours among nurses. Purposive sampling was used to select 13 registered nurses working at Windhoek Central Hospital. Semi-structured interviews served as the primary data collection method. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, which allowed for the identification of key themes reflecting the nurses' lived experiences with voluntary error reporting. Findings: The study found that nurses at Windhoek Central Hospital generally had positive experiences with voluntary error reporting, driven by a desire to improve patient care, correct mistakes, and foster a learning environment. However, nurses also reported negative experiences, which included lack of leadership support, breaches of confidentiality that often led to gossip and interpersonal conflict, and a prevailing fear of punishment. These negative experiences were shown to discourage nurses from reporting, particularly when the error was perceived as minor or non-life-threatening. Conclusion: Although nurses recognize the importance and benefits of voluntary error reporting, the fear of repercussions and absence of institutional safeguards such as confidentiality, support systems, and accountability frameworks contribute to underreporting. The study recommends the implementation of regular refresher training, leadership involvement, and the strengthening of confidential and non-punitive reporting frameworks to foster a more supportive safety culture in public hospitals. Limitations: This study was limited to a single public hospital in Windhoek, with a small, purposively selected sample of registered nurses. As such, the findings